This book is related to disaster risk reduction in agriculture particularly under changing climate. Climate change refers to significant, long-term changes in the global climate. There is unequivocal evidence that Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate. Human activity is the principal cause. The planets average surface temperature has risen to about 1oC since the late 19th century and most of the warming occurred in the past 40 years. The years 2016 and 2020 are tied for the warmest year on the record. Similarly, other evidence of rapid climate change includes warming of oceans, shrinking of ice sheets, retreating glaciers, decreasing snow cover, rising of sea level, declining artic sea ice, increased frequency of extreme events, ocean acidification and loss of biodiversity. Hence, climate change impacts, both extreme weather and slow-onset events, have impacted several sectors of the national economies and activities, in particular agriculture and food production, augmented by other challenges be it geopolitical, cost of finance or supply chain related, and in a time of increased food insecurity. Without CO2 fertilization, effective adaptation, and genetic improvement, each degree-Celsius increase in global mean temperature would, on average, reduce global yields of wheat by 6.0%, rice by 3.2%, maize by 7.4%, and soybean by 3.1%. Hence this book is useful as a study material to teach in the field of agriculture and climate change. The book is useful for instructors and postgraduate as well as undergraduate students involved in the study of climate change. The book also provide guidance to multiple stakeholders to design mitigation and adaptation efforts to climate change and ensure food security in the developing world.

Achieving food security and economic developmental objectives in the face of climate change and rapid population growth requires systems modelling approaches, for example in the design of sustainable agriculture farming systems. Such approaches increase our understanding of system responses to different soil and climatic conditions, and provide insights into the effects of various variable climate change scenarios, providing valuable information for decision-makers. Further, in the agricultural sector, systems modelling can help optimise crop management and adaptation measures to boost productivity under variable climatic conditions. Presenting key outcomes from crop models used in agricultural systems this book is a valuable resource for professionals interested in using modelling approaches to manage the growth and improve the quality of various crops.

Ancient Pakistan - An Archaeological History deals with the prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus Civilization. This particular volume, The Stone Age, concerns with the first appearance of man in northern Pakistan more than a million years ago and traces his cultural history up to the emergence of agriculture and sedentary living in this region. The book is written for students of ancient history, anthropology, and archaeology. The material is generously illustrated with a large number of maps, tables, drawings, and colored photographs. Each Section is provided with extensive references to the text and a comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig deeper into the subject. Although the book primarily deals with the Greater Indus Valley, its scope is much wider: the subject has been discussed in context with the paleolithic of India, Central Asia, and Iran. The story of human evolution provides a constant background.

This book is the fifth and the last volume of a much larger project, Ancient Pakistan - An Archaelogical History. which deals with the prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus Civilization. This volume deals with the decay and demise of the Indus Civilization and its devolution into post-Harappan regional cultures under the impact of the intruding pastoral nomads from the West, the Indo-Aryans being one of them. A comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig deeper into the subject.

This book is the second volume of a much larger project, Ancient Pakistan - An Archaelogical History, which deals with the prehistory of Pakistan from the Stone Age to the end of the Indus Civilization ca. 1500 BC. This particular volume, A Prelude to Civilization, is concerned with the beginning of agriculture, sedentary living and the emergence of village farming communities in the Greater Indus Valley, leaving the reader at the threshold of the Harappan Civilization. The material is generously illustrated with a large number of maps, tables, drawings, and photographs. A comprehensive bibliography is provided for those who want to dig deeper into the subject.

Pakistan, being a developing country, has to meet many challenges including high rate of productivity in all sectors. However, many organizations face problem in meeting this objective due to high turnover rate caused by lower level of job satisfaction. This research was conducted in an effort to find out reasons for lower level of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention in context of Pakistani culture. The study also aimed at finding out the most suitable ethical climate for dealing with role conflict, role ambiguity and emotional exhaustion. Various analyses of data collected from 201 respondents of telecom sector of Pakistan were done to find out relationships between different variables. Findings of the research suggest that emotional exhaustion and job satisfaction have significant relationship with turnover intention. Also, egoistic ethical climate has significant relationship with role conflict and role ambiguity. The findings can prove to be useful to the managers in telecommunication sector who are looking for increasing productivity by developing a conducive ethical climate and thereby enhance job satisfaction.

Pesticide usage has become an essential component of modern age agriculture. Their applications for the protection of crops through the pests, insects, mites, ticks and weeds are increasing steadily. The Pyrethroids constitute about twenty five percent of total pesticides used worldwide. These are based on an ester, derived from a flower chrysanthemum. Bifenthrin and cypermethrin are amongst natural Pyrethrins used. The excessive use of pesticides creates different environmental problems including soil and water pollution and ecological imbalance. Soil microflora the hidden creatures in earth's biodiversity and the soil microbial community are physiologically versatile in metabolizing and mineralizing a wide variety of organic pollutants into non toxic form. The utilization of microorganisms to clean up xenobiotics from polluted environment present a cheap and biologically safe solution for pollution problem. The present work deals with isolation and chracterization of pyrethroid degrading bacteria from rhizospheric soil of tannery solid waste. Chromatographic separation of degraded products show the capacity of bacteria to be used as a biological tool for bioremediation.

Climatic variation, continuously increasing population and market infrastructure are driven forces to reduce agricultural productivity and new management options and appropriate genotypes are the need of the day to be considered for sustainable production. Crop simulation models can be complementary tools in field experiments to develop innovative crop management systems under continuous varying climatic conditions. In this perspective, two dynamic crop growth models viz., APSIM (Agricultural Production System Simulator) and DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer) were calibrated and validated to predict growth and yield of wheat under rainfed conditions for Pothwar region of Pakistan. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with five wheat varieties namely; Tatara, NARC-2009, Sehar-2006, SKD-1 and F-Sarhad were planted by keeping individual plot size of 5 m x 3 m with row spacing of 25 cm. Both the models were parameterized using different agronomic parameters (phenological development, days after sowing, drymatter accumulation, leaf area index and grain yield) and climatic data.

Temperature in terms of thermal units could influence the crop growth and yield. Similarly different climatic and moisture regime may alter crop phenology, physiology and development and it may be induced on the crop by sowing crop under different sowing dates or environments(years).Keeping in view the findings of current study it may be concluded that crop respond variably under changing climate.Similarly, its need of time to develop a model between environmental variables like temperature and PTQ with crop yield under local environments in order to sustained crop productivity and to mitigate climate extremes events like El-Nino and La-Nina.